Chapter 12: Statistics

Data Presentation

Collection and Presentation of Data

Types of Data

TypeDescription
PrimaryCollected firsthand
SecondaryAlready collected by others

Data Representation

1. Frequency Distribution Table

Shows how often each value occurs.

2. Bar Graph

Rectangular bars for each category.

3. Histogram

For continuous data, bars touch each other.

4. Frequency Polygon

Join midpoints of histogram bars.

Class Interval Terms

  • Class mark = (Lower + Upper limit)/2
  • Class size = Upper - Lower limit
  • Frequency = Number of observations